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#!rst
PJSUA2-High Level API
******************************
PJSUA2 is an object-oriented abstraction above ​PJSUA API. It provides high level API for constructing ​Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) multimedia user agent applications (a.k.a Voice over IP/VoIP softphones). It wraps together the signaling, media, and NAT traversal functionality into easy to use call control API, account management, buddy list management, presence, and instant messaging, along with multimedia features such as local conferencing, file streaming, local playback, and voice recording, and powerful NAT traversal techniques utilizing ​STUN, ​TURN, and ​ICE.

PJSUA2 is implemented on top of PJSUA-LIB API. The SIP and media features and object modelling follows what PJSUA-LIB provides (for example, we still have accounts, call, buddy, and so on), but the API to access them is different. These features will be described later in this chapter. PJSUA2 is a C++ library, which you can find under ``pjsip`` directory in the PJSIP distribution. The C++ library can be used by native C++ applications directly. But PJSUA2 is not just a C++ library. From the beginning, it has been designed to be accessible from high level non-native languages such as Java and Python. This is achieved by SWIG binding. And thanks to SWIG, binding to other languages can be added relatively easily in the future, as the recent addition of C# binding has shown.

PJSUA2 API declaration can be found in ``pjsip/include/pjsua2`` while the source codes are located in ``pjsip/src/pjsua2``. It will be automatically built when you compile PJSIP.


PJSUA2 Main Classes
======================
Here are the main classes of the PJSUA2:

Endpoint
--------------
This is the main class of PJSUA2. You need to instantiate one and exactly one of this class, and from the instance you can then initialize and start the library.

Account
-------------
An account specifies the identity of the person (or endpoint) on one side of SIP conversation. At least one account instance needs to be created before anything else, and from the account instance you can start making/receiving calls as well as adding buddies.

Media
----------
This is an abstract base class that represents a media element which is capable to either produce media or takes media. It is then subclassed into ``AudioMedia``, which is then subclassed into concrete classes such as ``AudioMediaPlayer`` and ``AudioMediaRecorder``.

Call
------
This class represents an ongoing call (or speaking technically, an INVITE session) and can be used to manipulate it, such as to answer the call, hangup the call, put the call on hold, transfer the call, etc.

Buddy
---------
This class represents a remote buddy (a person, or a SIP endpoint). You can subscribe to presence status of a buddy to know whether the buddy is online/offline/etc., and you can send and receive instant messages to/from the buddy.

General Concepts
==================
Class Usage Patterns
---------------------
With the methods of the main classes above, you will be able to invoke various operations to the object quite easily. But how can we get events/notifications from these classes? Each of the main classes above (except Media) will get their events in the callback methods. So to handle these events, just derive a class from the corresponding class (​Endpoint, Call, Account, or Buddy) and implement/override the relevant method (depending on which event you want to handle). More will be explained in later sections.

Error Handling
---------------
We use exceptions as means to report error, as this would make the program flows more naturally. Operations which yield error will raise ​Error exception. If you prefer to display the error in more structured manner, the ​Error class has several members to explain the error, such as the operation name that raised the error, the error code, and the error message itself.

Asynchronous Operations
-------------------------
If you have developed applications with PJSIP, you'll know about this already. In PJSIP, all operations that involve sending and receiving SIP messages are asynchronous, meaning that the function that invokes the operation will complete immediately, and you will be given the completion status as callbacks.

Take a look for example the ​makeCall() method of the Call class. This function is used to initiate outgoing call to a destination. When this function returns successfully, it does not mean that the call has been established, but rather it means that the call has been initiated successfully. You will be given the report of the call progress and/or completion in the ​onCallState() callback method of ​Call class.

Threading
----------
For platforms that require polling, the PJSUA2 module provides its own worker thread to poll PJSIP, so it is not necessary to instantiate own your polling thread. Having said that the application should be prepared to have the callbacks called by different thread than the main thread. The PJSUA2 module itself is thread safe.

Often though, especially if you use PJSUA2 with high level languages such as Python, it is required to disable PJSUA2 internal worker threads by setting EpConfig.uaConfig.threadCnt to 0, because the high level environment doesn't like to be called by external thread (such as PJSIP's worker thread).


Problems with Garbage Collection
--------------------------------
Garbage collection (GC) exists in Java and Python (and other languages, but we don't support those for now), and there are some problems with it when it comes to PJSUA2 usage:

 1. premature destruction of PJSUA2 objects which are created in Java and Python space and passed to the native space without keeping reference to the object
 2. it delays the destruction of objects (including PJSUA2 objects), causing the code in object's destructor to be executed out of order
 3. the destruction operation by GC may run on different thread not previously registered to PJLIB, causing assertion

Some examples for problem 1 are (these examples are by no means a complete list) when adding Buddy object to an account using Account.addBuddy() or setting LogWriter by calling EpConfig.LogConfig.setLogWriter(). To avoid this problem, application needs to maintain an explicit reference on objects created in its application, instead of relying on PJSUA2 native library to keep track of those objects, i.e. :

.. code-block:: c++

    class MyApp {
        private MyLogWriter logWriter;
   
        public void init()
        {
            /* Maintain reference to log writer to avoid premature cleanup by GC */
            logWriter = new MyLogWriter();
            epConfig.getLogConfig.setWriter(logWriter);
        }
    }

While for problems 2 and 3, application '''MUST immediately destroy PJSUA2 objects using object's delete() method (in Java)''', instead of relying on the GC to clean up the object.
For example, to delete an Account, it's **NOT** enough to just let it go out of scope. Application MUST delete it manually like this (in Java):

.. code-block:: c++

    acc.delete();




Objects Persistence
---------------------
PJSUA2 includes PersistentObject class to provide functionality to read/write data from/to a document (string or file). The data can be simple data types such as boolean, number, string, and string arrays, or a user defined object. Currently the implementation supports reading and writing from/to JSON document ([http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4627 RFC 4627]), but the framework allows application to extend the API to support other document formats.

As such, classes which inherit from PersistentObject, such as EpConfig (endpoint configuration), AccountConfig (account configuration), and BuddyConfig (buddy configuration) can be loaded/saved from/to a file. Here’s an example to save a config to a file:

.. code-block:: c++

    EpConfig epCfg;
    JsonDocument jDoc;
    epCfg.uaConfig.maxCalls = 61;
    epCfg.uaConfig.userAgent = "Just JSON Test";
    jDoc.writeObject(epCfg);
    jDoc.saveFile("jsontest.js");

To load from the file:

.. code-block:: c++

    EpConfig epCfg;
    JsonDocument jDoc;
    jDoc.loadFile("jsontest.js");
    jDoc.readObject(epCfg);


Building PJSUA2
======================
The PJSUA2 C++ library will be built by default by PJSIP build system. Standard C++ library is required.
If you intend to use Python SWIG module (see below), you need to configure PJSIP with ``--enable-shared`` option, i.e.::

  ./configure --enable-shared
  make dep & make
  sudo make install

Building Java, Python, and C# SWIG Modules
===========================================
The SWIG modules for Java, Python, and C# are built by invoking ``make`` and ``make install`` manually from ``pjsip-apps/src/swig`` directory. The ``make install`` will install the Python SWIG module to user's ``site-packages`` directory.

Requirements
------------

#. `SWIG <http://www.swig.org>`_
#. ``JDK``.
#. ``Python``, version 3 or above (or at least 2.7 if you use Python2) is recommended (our Python sample app ``pygui`` requires version 2.7 or above, however the ``pjsua2`` Python binding should be able to run on older versions).
   For **Linux/UNIX**, you will also need ``Python development package`` (called ``python3-devel`` (or ``python-devel`` for Python2) (e.g. on Fedora) or ``python3-dev`` (or ``python2.7-dev`` for Python2) (e.g. on Ubuntu)). For **Windows**, you will need MinGW and ``Python SDK`` such as `ActivePython-2.7.5`_ from `ActiveState`_.
#. ``swig-csharp`` component.

.. _`ActivePython-2.7.5`: http://www.activestate.com/activepython/downloads
.. _`ActiveState`: http://www.activestate.com

Testing The Installation
------------------------
To test the installation, simply run python and import ``pjsua2`` module::

  $ python
  > import pjsua2
  > ^Z


Using in C++ Application
========================
As mentioned in previous chapter, a C++ application can use *pjsua2* natively, while at the same time still has access to the lower level objects and the ability to extend the libraries if it needs to. Using the API will be exactly the same as the API reference that is written in this book.

Here is a sample complete C++ application to give you some idea about the API. The snippet below initializes the library and creates an account that registers to our pjsip.org SIP server.

.. code-block:: c++
    
  #include <pjsua2.hpp>
  #include <iostream>
  
  using namespace pj;
  
  // Subclass to extend the Account and get notifications etc.
  class MyAccount : public Account {
  public:
      virtual void onRegState(OnRegStateParam &prm) {
          AccountInfo ai = getInfo();
          std::cout << (ai.regIsActive? "*** Register:" : "*** Unregister:")
                    << " code=" << prm.code << std::endl;
      }
  };

  int main()
  {
      Endpoint ep;
      
      ep.libCreate();
      
      // Initialize endpoint
      EpConfig ep_cfg;
      ep.libInit( ep_cfg );
      
      // Create SIP transport. Error handling sample is shown
      TransportConfig tcfg;
      tcfg.port = 5060;
      try {
          ep.transportCreate(PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UDP, tcfg);
      } catch (Error &err) {
          std::cout << err.info() << std::endl;
          return 1;
      }
      
      // Start the library (worker threads etc)
      ep.libStart();
      std::cout << "*** PJSUA2 STARTED ***" << std::endl;
      
      // Configure an AccountConfig
      AccountConfig acfg;
      acfg.idUri = "sip:test@pjsip.org";
      acfg.regConfig.registrarUri = "sip:pjsip.org";
      AuthCredInfo cred("digest", "*", "test", 0, "secret");
      acfg.sipConfig.authCreds.push_back( cred );
      
      // Create the account
      MyAccount *acc = new MyAccount;
      acc->create(acfg);
      
      // Here we don't have anything else to do..
      pj_thread_sleep(10000);
      
      // Delete the account. This will unregister from server
      delete acc;
      
      // This will implicitly shutdown the library
      return 0;
  }


Using in Python Application
===========================
The equivalence of the C++ sample code above in Python is as follows:

.. code-block:: python

  # Subclass to extend the Account and get notifications etc.
  class Account(pj.Account):
    def onRegState(self, prm):
        print "***OnRegState: " + prm.reason

  # pjsua2 test function
  def pjsua2_test():
    # Create and initialize the library
    ep_cfg = pj.EpConfig()
    ep = pj.Endpoint()
    ep.libCreate()
    ep.libInit(ep_cfg)
    
    # Create SIP transport. Error handling sample is shown
    sipTpConfig = pj.TransportConfig();
    sipTpConfig.port = 5060;
    ep.transportCreate(pj.PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UDP, sipTpConfig);
    # Start the library
    ep.libStart();
    
    acfg = pj.AccountConfig();
    acfg.idUri = "sip:test@pjsip.org";
    acfg.regConfig.registrarUri = "sip:pjsip.org";
    cred = pj.AuthCredInfo("digest", "*", "test", 0, "pwtest");
    acfg.sipConfig.authCreds.append( cred );
    # Create the account
    acc = Account();
    acc.create(acfg);
    # Here we don't have anything else to do..
    time.sleep(10);

    # Destroy the library
    ep.libDestroy()

  #
  # main()
  #
  if __name__ == "__main__":
    pjsua2_test()


Using in Java Application
=========================
The equivalence of the C++ sample code above in Java is as follows:

.. code-block:: java

  import org.pjsip.pjsua2.*;

  // Subclass to extend the Account and get notifications etc.
  class MyAccount extends Account {
    @Override
    public void onRegState(OnRegStateParam prm) {
        System.out.println("*** On registration state: " + prm.getCode() + prm.getReason());
    }
  }

  public class test {
    static {
        System.loadLibrary("pjsua2");
        System.out.println("Library loaded");
    }
    
    public static void main(String argv[]) {
        try {
            // Create endpoint
            Endpoint ep = new Endpoint();
            ep.libCreate();
            // Initialize endpoint
            EpConfig epConfig = new EpConfig();
            ep.libInit( epConfig );
            // Create SIP transport. Error handling sample is shown
            TransportConfig sipTpConfig = new TransportConfig();
            sipTpConfig.setPort(5060);
            ep.transportCreate(pjsip_transport_type_e.PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UDP, sipTpConfig);
            // Start the library
            ep.libStart();

            AccountConfig acfg = new AccountConfig();
            acfg.setIdUri("sip:test@pjsip.org");
            acfg.getRegConfig().setRegistrarUri("sip:pjsip.org");
            AuthCredInfo cred = new AuthCredInfo("digest", "*", "test", 0, "secret");
            acfg.getSipConfig().getAuthCreds().add( cred );
            // Create the account
            MyAccount acc = new MyAccount();
            acc.create(acfg);
            // Here we don't have anything else to do..
            Thread.sleep(10000);
            /* Explicitly delete the account.
             * This is to avoid GC to delete the endpoint first before deleting
             * the account.
             */
            acc.delete();
            
            // Explicitly destroy and delete endpoint
            ep.libDestroy();
            ep.delete();
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(e);
            return;
        }
    }
  }

Using in C# Application
=========================
The equivalence of the C++ sample code above in C# is as follows:

.. code-block:: csharp

  using System;
  using pjsua2xamarin.pjsua2;

  // Subclass to extend the Account and get notifications etc.
  public class MyAccount : Account {
    override public void onRegState(OnRegStateParam prm) {
        Console.WriteLine("*** On registration state: " + prm.code + prm.reason);
    }
  }

  public class test {
    public void main() {
        try {
            // Create endpoint
            Endpoint ep = new Endpoint();
            ep.libCreate();
            // Initialize endpoint
            EpConfig epConfig = new EpConfig();
            ep.libInit( epConfig );
            // Create SIP transport. Error handling sample is shown
            TransportConfig sipTpConfig = new TransportConfig();
            sipTpConfig.port = 5060;
            ep.transportCreate(pjsip_transport_type_e.PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UDP, sipTpConfig);
            // Start the library
            ep.libStart();

            AccountConfig acfg = new AccountConfig();
            acfg.idUri = "sip:test@pjsip.org";
            acfg.regConfig.registrarUri = "sip:pjsip.org";
            AuthCredInfo cred = new AuthCredInfo("digest", "*", "test", 0, "secret");
            acfg.sipConfig.authCreds.Add( cred );
            // Create the account
            MyAccount acc = new MyAccount();
            acc.create(acfg);

            // Here we don't have anything else to do..

            /* Explicitly delete the account.
             * This is to avoid GC to delete the endpoint first before deleting
             * the account.
             */
            acc.Dispose();
            
            // Explicitly destroy and delete endpoint
            ep.libDestroy();
            ep.Dispose();
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Console.WriteLine("Exception: " + e.Message);
            return;
        }
    }
  }
}}}